The Field Of Tesol, The Causes And Prevention Of Plagiarism

Title Discuss a current controversy in the field of TESOL, the causes and prevention of plagiarism, taking into account the academic debate and your own experience as a teacher/learner, and giving your own views. In your discussion you should refer to the articles indicated below and two other sources you identify for yourself. †¢ Sowden, C. (2005a) Plagiarism and the culture of multilingual students in higher education abroad. ELT Journal, 59(3), 226-233. †¢ Liu, D. (2005) Plagiarism in ESOL students: is cultural conditioning truly the major culprit? ELT Journal, 59(3), 234-241. †¢ Sowden, C. (2005b) Reply to Dilin Liu. ELT Journal, 59(3), 242-3. Introduction As plagiarism of multilingual students arouses increasing consideration of public (Swoden, 2005a), there are controversies concerning causes and preventions of this immoral academic practice. TESOL would be considered as a suitable standpoint to analyze the plagiarism issue of students of other languages, for it involves a great percentage of international students and uses essay to be the major form of assessment. This paper analyzes the debate of Swoden (2005) and Liu (2005) about reasons and preventions of plagiarism in the field of TESOL. Related references and personal experience will be mentioned as supports. Causes and Prevention of Plagiarism Plagiarism is defined as â€Å"using of ideas, concepts, words or structures without appropriately acknowledging the source to benefit in a setting where originality is

Whole Foods Strategy Analysis Essay - 2870 Words

Whole Foods’ market strategy is built upon their fundamental differentiation from conventional supermarkets. We strive to meet our strategy by working under the motto of Whole Food, Whole People, Whole Planet. At Whole Foods we use a focused differentiation strategy to offer unique products to our customers in a narrowed market. We focus on selling high quality organic and healthy foods that our customers can feel comfortable eating at a higher price. Whole Foods’ competitors include Kroger, Trader Joe’s, and Fresh Market. These three competitors operate under different strategies to set themselves apart in the grocery market. Kroger operates under the cost leadership strategy. They set the floor price in the market that still allows them†¦show more content†¦At Whole Foods we are able to use America’s trend of healthy living that allows us to thrive under a focused differentiation strategy. Americans are willing to spend extra money on our produc ts since we go out of our way to guarantee the products are organic. We are able to achieve growth in our market by opening on average ten stores per quarter across the nation. We plan to reach a total of one thousand domestic stores in the future. Whole Foods is affected by all five forces in the five forces model. At Whole Foods we have a low risk from new startups in the high-end grocery business. The threat of new entrants is low because developing a high-end grocery store and all of its distribution channels can be difficult. Whole Foods is already an established brand name grocer in American households and is well developed throughout the nation; therefore, new entrants into the high-end grocery market are no threat to Whole Foods. However, Whole Foods stands more of a threat from a regular grocery store, such as Publix, deciding to become a high-end grocer or open a high-end branch of their store. A regular grocery store already has some of the distribution channels established for their firm, so crossing over into the high end market would be easier and more of threat to Whole Foods than a completely new grocer. However, it would still be hard for aShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis of the Business Strategy of Whole Foods874 W ords   |  4 PagesWhole Foods utilizes a differentiated strategy, focused on organic and natural foods. This distinguishes them from mainstream grocery competitors, and puts them into competition with other specialized grocery outlets (Urani, 2008). This differentiation, combined with more traditional grocery industry size and operations, gives the company an advantage over most of its competitors. The grocery industry is highly fragmented, with a multitude of strong regional players (Safeway, Publix, KroegerRead MoreThe Threat Of Supplier Power1074 Words   |  5 Pagesa large percentage of the organic food processed. Since a large number of 81 companies in 1995, the corporations that produce the majority of the organic food has been limited to approximately 15 (Remington, 2014). Competitive Rivalry In the industry, competition is high in most areas of the United States. There are usually two to three Supermarkets in a given location depending on the population. Whole Foods has an advantage with the organic and natural food buying trends, but many other businessesRead MoreThe Product Distribution Ideal For Whole Foods Market1701 Words   |  7 Pages Win-Win-Win Distribution The product distribution ideal for Whole Foods Market in Namibia will be two. First, the win-win-win distribution will be used when the company is entering the new country for the first place. This distribution channel aims at having all distributors in the supply chain to benefit from the products being distributed. Even though American companies always aim at reducing the links in the supply chain, this happens in the developed countries while this company is openingRead MoreIntegration Of Whole Foods Into Abc Company1618 Words   |  7 Pages Case Study YourFirstName YourLastName University title                Integration of Whole Foods into ABC Company Name: Affiliation:                            According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, there are more than 34.9% of the adult population who are obese in the United States. They, therefore, suffer or are prone to conditions related to obesity such as type II diabetes, heart disease and some cancer types and some of these are the leading causes of those deaths that areRead MoreWhole Foods Market Finance Analysis Essay1198 Words   |  5 PagesWhole Foods Market Financial Analysis Whole Foods market generated $8.0 billion in sales in fiscal 2009, an increase of 1.0% over the previous years. Yet in fiscal 2009 same-store sales were down 4.3% over the previous years. Operating income for Whole Foods was $284.3 million in fiscal 2009, up to 20.4% over the previous year. This improvement was largely due to stringent cost-containment measures that Whole Foods put into place in the face of the recession economy. The ratio comparison in tableRead MoreEssay on Whole Foods Market748 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Whole Foods Market: 2010 How to Grow in An Increasingly Competitive Market? Patricia Harasta and Alan N. Hoffman A Case Study Analysis Antonia Jackson MBA Dr. Pamela Barnes 13 October 2013 I. Introduction Whole Foods Market is one of the biggest organic and natural whole food suppliers in the world. They provide a wide variety of select foods that are without hormones or antibiotics and are stamped with the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s stamp of approval. They value the fact thatRead MoreWhole Foods Ratio961 Words   |  4 PagesKroger and Whole Foods Financial Ratio Analysis Corporate Finance Case 1 Financial Analysis of Whole Foods and Kroger Kroger and Whole Foods are the two giants in the grocery industry; however, their capital structure and financial measures paint vastly different pictures. The liquidity ratios, which measure short term solvency of the company, were calculated for both companies. The current ratio for Kroger was calculated to be .76 compared to a current ratio for Whole Foods of 1.60Read MoreWhole Foods Market Case Analysis1687 Words   |  7 PagesWhole Foods Market Case Analysis Whole Foods Market has received recognition as recent as January 27th 2011 when CNBC aired Supermarkets Inc: Inside a 500 Billion Money Machine. â€Å"Whole Foods is arguably the most influential, and by some measures, the most successful supermarket chain in the world. The specialty gourmet store has grown into a Fortune-300 company offering specialty foods and locally grown organic produce.1† CNBC goes on to state that even â€Å"Established brands like Safeway, Giant EagleRead MoreWhole Foods Market, 2005: Will There Be Enough Organic Food to Satisfy the Growing Demand?1485 Words   |  6 PagesCase 11 Whole Foods Market, 2005: Will there be enough organic food to satisfy the growing demand? Summary Whole food market is the world’s leading retailer of natural and organic food industry. A firm believer in the virtuous circle entwining food chain, human being and mother earth, they conduct their business true and consistent to their business mission and vision by producing the highest quality of products for its customers and high profits for its investors. Being a philanthropist andRead MoreWhole Foods Market Overview1525 Words   |  7 Pages Whole Foods Market Background Whole Foods Market is an American based retail-chain grocery store. They strictly sell both natural and organic food, offering a variety of products. â€Å"Natural† refers to food that is free of growth hormones or antibiotics, while â€Å"certified organic† food must meet the standards of the US Department of Agriculture (USDA). Whole Foods Market is the leading retailer in the natural and organic foods, with 193 stores in 31 states, Canada, and the United Kingdom. With

Business and Internet Free Essays

What is the internet? The Internet is a worldwide collection of computer networks, cooperating with each other to exchange data using a common software standard. Through telephone wires and satellite links, Internet users can share information in a variety of forms. How does it work? Internet allows users to: connect easily through ordinary personal computers and local phone numbers, exchange electronic mail (E-mail) with friends and colleagues with accounts on the Internet, post information for others to access, and update it frequently, access multimedia information that includes sound, photographic images and even video, and access diverse perspectives from around the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Business and Internet or any similar topic only for you Order Now How does it provide business value? People search the Internet with some questions or concern in mind. That is the importance behind all the keywords being placed on your website through traditional Search Engine Optimization. However, once the person has found one of your pages on the search engine, what unique value does your website offer to prospective clients / customers? Websites allow for easy access anytime to your companies information. Explain how the domain name and IP addressing system work. If you’ve ever used the Internet, it’s a good bet that you’ve used the domain even without realizing it. DNS is a protocol within the set of standards for how computers exchange data on the Internet and on many private networks. Its basic job is to turn a user-friendly domain name that computers use to identify each other on the network. It’s like your computer’s GPS for the Internet. Computers and other network devices on the Internet use an IP address to route your request to the site you’re trying to reach. This is similar to dialing a phone number to connect to the person you’re trying to call. List and describe the principal internet services. Internet services consist of communication, news, weather conditions, shopping and entertainment. You can do faxing, calling, surfing, browsing and marketing in internet and even crimes, etc. List and describe alternative ways of locating information on the web. Search engines- The search engines are the first place everyone heads to and they have become household names. Subject Directories If you have a specific piece of information you are looking for and it fits neatly into a particular category this is a good place to start. These sites include libraries, academic institutions, research facilities and usually include the ‘best of the best’ as well as peer-reviewed publications for business and academics. Directories have even been created by both Google and Yahoo. Social Networking Social Networking is the latest craze on the Internet and includes online communities of people who share certain interests, activities, etc. While many of them are just about connecting to other people, some can be used to glean new information from the web. Services such as StumbleUpon will give you recommendations on websites that might be of interest to you based on a set of interests and keywords. Other services like LinkedIn focus on connecting people in business but also give you a resource where you can ask for the opinions of others or to be pointed in the right direction. Social Bookmarking Social Bookmarking sites like Reddit, Delicious and Digg all allow users to bookmark or share links of interest. They all contain categories and notifications so you needn’t go searching, the information can even be brought to you to save time. All three have ways for users to increase (and possibly decrease) the popularity or relevant importance of some links that are dropped into the services. Not all links bookmarked at these sites will be useful but many could be interesting, informative or something you might use later. The peer-review means that others find the links useful and help them float to the top so to be more easily found. How to cite Business and Internet, Papers

My Godol Speech free essay sample

Friends, my brother Alephs, I am Daniel Chapman. I am running for the high and honorable position of Aleph Godol. Why you may ask? When I had first joined this organization, it would’ve been for the power, knowing that you are the president of the best chapter in all of RMR. But no, that’s not it anymore. This past term has definitely not been our best, we have all had problems to face, struggles bigger than I could’ve imagined when I had first joined, and no one to tell you exactly what needed to be done. But we pulled through. Not just one of us took charge, but we all did, and together as a chapter, as brothers, we didn’t fold. Even with all of the setbacks we had, we are still here today. But regardless of how great of a chapter we are and have the potential to be, there are things that need much work and toil, but will come easy with a working board. We will write a custom essay sample on My Godol Speech or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page One of the big things that needs to be changed, is members. We need more members. I plan on working constantly with the elected Moreh and our sister chapter to recruit new people. One of my big plans to get this chapter to grow, and hopefully start some other New Mexican chapters is Albycon. But not the Albycon you are all thinking of, where the Colorado chapters come down and we show them how awesome we are. No, I have a bigger and better plan. I’m talking about New Mexicon. So that you can kind of grasp what I’m talking about, here’s part of my plan. I will work with our Sister chapter, 1458, to contact every Synagogue, every Jewish gathering place to make sure every Jewish teen in New Mexico knows about it. They’ll come down, we’ll show them our awesome programming skillz, and they’ll see just how amazing BBYO is, and join. Of course there is other things to work out, but I have a plan, and if elected it should go smoothly, and we will again be the thriving chapter we once were. Another thing I’d like to change, is that we, as a chapter, won only one award, and that was best video, which was apparently not worth mentioning. That sucked. The previous Convention I went to, we won chapter of the year, along with many others. I want that feeling back. But not only do I want that, I want every board member to have their position of the year. I want best fundraising program and most members recruited awards. I want to rake in as many awards as we possibly can. One big problem we had, is not knowing how to lead a chapter. Personally, I’m going to CLTC this summer. And along with the leadership training I got at RLTC, and watching Kenny, Alex, and Ellie closely I will lead this chapter with each and every skill I have. Hopefully you can all see what I see, and I see this chapter becoming the best chapter in all of RMR, maybe even the united states.

Treasure Island Essays (976 words) - English-language Films

Treasure Island There is an old crippled man knocking at the Admiral Benbow Inn. He calls himself Captain Billy Bones. He lives in fear of a one-legged man, because Billy Bones has a map in his suitcase that the one-legged man wants. But, Billy Bones doesn't know that the one-legged man, Captain Flint, has died. One day a blind beggar named "Blind Pew" comes to see Billy Bones at the Inn and gives him the "Black Spot", a mark of immediate death between pirate crews. Billy Bones gives Jim Hawkins, the owner of the Inns' son, a key to the suitcase before he dies. Jim is fourteen years old and in very good shape. Jim takes the suitcase to Dr. Livesey, a smart young man in his mid thirties, and Squire Trelawney, an old rich man who lives very lavishly and pampered. They open the suitcase and find a map that belonged to Captain Flint, who is the most popular dead pirate around. The Doctor and Squire decide to hunt for the treasure and ask Jim to come along. The squire buys a ship that they had to have built and named it the Hispaniola. They hire Captain Smollert, Long John Silver the cook, and the rest of the boats crew to sail the ship. The ship sets off from England for an island in the Caribbean. The night before they get to the island, Jim overhears Silver and a few of the other ship hands talking about taking over the Hispaniola to find the map. Jim relays the information back to the Doctor, Squire and the Captain. Captain Smollert sends the crew to the island the next morning and Jim decides to go too. When Jim gets to the island he meets Ben Gunn. Ben has been stranded on the island for three years. Ben tells Jim about a boat that Ben made incase he needed it. When Dr. Livesey, Squire Trelawney, and Captain Smollert get to the island they find an old stockade. When the crew finds out that their plan for mutiny has been told, they start to attack the stockade. Captain Smollert is shot in the shoulder and injured pretty bad. The Doctor and Squire end up killing most of the pirates. Jim set off for the Hispaniola in the small boat that Ben Gunn made. Jim wanted to get the Hispaniola closer to the stockade. A pirate is able to get onto the Hispaniola and Jim has to fight him off. Jim gets the boat where he wants it and returns back to the stockade. When he gets back to the stockade, he is captured by Long John Silver and forced to give up the map. Who will find the treasure first? Will it be Long John Silver and the pirates, or will it be the Doctor, Squire, Jim and the Captain? Read Treasure Island to find out! The main idea that Robert Louis Stevenson made in Treasure Island was how "good" wins over "evil", using strategies and tactics to defeat the pirates. For example, the good characters, Jim Hawkins and Dr. Livesey, took cover in a high ground stockade when the pirates attacked. Good ends up winning the battle at the stockade. Another example of good and evil is when it is discovered where the treasure map may be. Long John Silver hands Jim a gun because he knows a fight is about to happen. All of a sudden, Dr. Livesey, Ben Gunn and Squire Trelawney open fire from the forest and kill a pirate and the other pirates run away because they are scared. The pirates are left on the island without many supplies, since this is the outlaw's code of honor as their punishment. "The Attack" was the climax of the story and was the most exciting part. It was dramatic and suspenseful. "The Attack" was when the good characters fought the pirates for the map of the treasure. On pages 178-179 in Chapter 21, "The Attack" is described like this: "So some seconds passed, till suddenly Joyce whipped up his musket and fired. The report had scarcely died away ere it was repeated and repeated from without in a scattering volley, shot behind shot, like a string of geese, from every side of the enclosure. Several bullets struck the log-house, but not one entered; and, as the smoke cleared away and vanished, the stockade and the woods around it looked as quiet and empty as before. Not a bough waved, not the gleam of a

The International Effects of Technology essays

The International Effects of Technology essays The International Effects of Technology Nuclear technology has been around since the middle of the Twentieth Century; masterminded under intense global military pressures, nuclear technology raises many questions about the value of a technology that has the capability to render the planet unfit for human occupation. The secret race to divide nature into its most miniscule components the result of which created a tremendous source of previously unknown energy, has characterized our short history with this dangerous knowledge. Created with short-term goals in mind, nuclear technology has wrought human and environmental devastation as well as the political dilemmas we find ourselves in today. The production and use of nuclear technology are matters of not just national or regional, but international concern; our global population lives in a global ecosystem, the destruction of which affects us all. The race to develop nuclear technology was a secret effort spearheaded by the United States in order to decisively end World War II by means of weapons of mass destruction. This effort was characterized by the myopic views of society embroiled in a war of global dimensions. Therefore, the goal to win the war took precedence over the consequences of researching, developing, testing and finally firing these weapons upon population and military centers of the enemy. These weapons were developed without foresight, disregarding the consequences of even possessing the required knowledge and raw materials not to mention the actual fallout resulting from their use. The end justified the means; the short-term solution was technically successful, the weapons deployed as expected, the enemy was devastated and the world has never quite been the same. There was in fact, very little foresight that went into planning how to safely procure raw materials, test detonations, monitor byproducts, dispose of radioactive waste and manage the cle...

TNA - Navy Federal Credit Union Part II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

TNA - Navy Federal Credit Union Part II - Essay Example It was also identified that employees struggle with situations where they need to inform inquiring customers of information about the company that they least know about. This kind of unexpected performance can be associated with the lack of certain working techniques that are expected of employees servicing any financial institution. After research and extensive study, it was identified that an objective training program could instrumentally work towards generating desired worker qualifications at the federation. Allison Rossett and Lisa Schafer-2012 in Job Aids and Performance Support, cite objective training as a possible solution for under-performance of otherwise qualified employees (Rossett & Schafer, 2007). The actual performance of employees dictates the overall performance of a company. However, there is a set level of individual performance that is expected of employees at a company. This expected level of performance is rarely achieved. When the Actual performance is lower than the expected performance at whatever level of delivery, a performance Gap that is relatively more specific is normally created. This performance gap is a measure of the difference between the expected performance and the actual performance levels of a company. On an average scale, most of the tellers at Navy Union are giving in lesser input per day and this can be associated with customer relations and PR conditions at the company. The company’s Money’s and customer relations training program w ill work toward increasing the referrals of the tellers and generally raising their confidence levels when dealing with customers that creates an expected â€Å"good† name of the company (Blanchard& Thacker, 2010). After the identification of the performance gap and settling on training as a solution, the Navy Union could now provide its employees with a set of expected outcomes of the training so that when they go into the training program, they are aware

Love- The Gaps of the dispute settlement process of WTO Research Paper

Love- The Gaps of the dispute settlement process of WTO - Research Paper Example The WTO agreements include intellectual property, goods and services2. They state the principles of liberalizations along with the legalized exceptions. They comprise of obligations of individual countries to lessen custom tariffs along with other trade obstacles and to open service markets3. The methods of settling the conflicts are also prepared by them. The agreements tend not to be static in nature, however, they are renegotiated according to the requirements and thus newer agreements can be added to the package4. It is quite significant for the government to make their trade policies quite transparent by informing the WTO regarding the laws in force along with the measures adopted as per the WTO agreements. Numerous WTO councils’ along with the committees’ main function is to check if the requirements are being followed and the WTO agreements are being executed correctly5. In order to put into effect the rules and to ensure that the trade is conducted in a smooth way, the WTO’s method for solving the trade conflicts under the Dispute Settlement Understanding is crucial6. The countries bring into notice the disputes if they feel that their rights under the agreement are being disobeyed. Judgments by specially appointed independent experts are generally based upon interpretations of the agreements along with involvement of the individuals. The members of the WTO have approved to the fact that if they feel that their fellow-members are not obeying to the trade policy then in order to settle the disputes they will make use of the bilateral system rather than taking steps unilaterally7. This implies that it is significant for them to abide by the decided methods and thus value the judgements. The WTO’s conflict settlement conformity is also referred to as the ‘Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes (DSU)’. It is the main

Towards Effective Diversity Communication at ABC Assignment

Towards Effective Diversity Communication at ABC - Assignment Example According to the report the American Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) is also keen on reflecting America’s cultural and ethnic diversity and this inevitably calls for broadening the diversity of its workforce. For instance, as part of its diversity initiative, the corporation now broadcasts programs that represent America’s diverse ethnic and cultural identities including shows by African Americans, Latina, as well as Asian lead hosts. With the widening ethnic and cultural diversity at the ABC, there are innumerable points of conflict that may easily provoke conflicts due to disagreements or misunderstandings within the organization.From this discussionn it is clear that  the increasing ethnic and cultural diversity at ABC poses critical communication challenges, especially because the corporation’s diverse workforce espouses varied and often opposed cultural values and beliefs, which exert a profound impact on their communication styles.  In light of the many communication challenges that arise among workforces, as a result of the increasingly multicultural workplaces and diverse communities, it is imperative for the ABC to initiate and incorporate multicultural communication strategies within its organizational communications framework. Generally, the news agency should initiate multicultural communication workshops to teach its diverse workforces about cultural differences and cross-cultural competences that are critical for interacting with people from diverse cultural background.

Relationship Between Skeletal and Muscular System

Relationship Between Skeletal and Muscular System Locomotion of the human body is a result from the alternate contractions and expansion of the muscles[1]. These contractions are generally caused by conversion of chemical energy to forces and moments therefore creating[1]. Based on the properties of muscles (structural and contractile), the muscular system of the human body is classified into three categories ; skeletal muscle, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle.[1 2]. In this essay the anatomical structure, contraction mechanism and also a disease of the skeletal muscle is explained. Generally in the human body nearly 40-45% of the total body weight comprises of the skeletal muscles and the rest 10% is made up of the of smooth muscles[2]. These muscles help keeping the skeleton intact by distributing the external or internal loads evenly across the joints which are held by tendons that help in the transmission of force muscles to the bones or joints, thus providing strength for human motion[1]. Skeletal muscle is surrounded by a membrane called the epimysium, which consists of bundles of fascicles enveloped by a dense tissue called the perimysium[12]. These fascicles are made up of individual structural units that are long, cylindrically shaped multinucleated cells called muscle fibres[2]. The diameter of the muscle fibres varies from 1- 100ÃŽÂ ¼m and has average length of 20cm[2]. Each muscle fibre is subdivided into thousands of myofibrils that are packed together in the form of cylindrical bundles by a thin membrane called sarcolemma[1,2 3]. Skeletal Muscles cannot be repaired in case of any damage but satellite cells which are located beneath the basal lamina of the myofibers have the ability to form new muscle fibres however the strength will not be same as the old skeletal muscle[4]. The myofibrils consists of many repeating units along its length called sarcomeres which is made up of thick and thin filaments of varying size having contractile proteins called actin and myosin respectively[1,2 3]. According to nuclear magnetic resonance studies the structure of the actin was found to be ÃŽÂ ±-helical in shape but certain other experiments using scanning transmission electron microscopy(STEM) prove that actin appears to be double helical in structure[5]. Thick filaments on the other hand is made up of protein molecules called myosin with an average molecular weight 200,000[6]. The thick and the thin filaments are arranged in a parallel pattern in a sarcomere as given in figure 2 this gives to the rise of dark bands called the A-bands which lie in the central region of the sarcomere[12]. The darkness in this band is because of the presence of the thick filaments and the overlapping of the thin filaments. The thin filaments are connected to the Z line, which is made up of complex and dense protein structures. These Z lines have an unique property of not allowing easily the passage of light. Another set of bands is the I bands, these are gener ally light bands because of the presence of thin filaments and they lie generally between the A band and the Z line. Titin molecules are polypeptide chains that link the Z line with the myosin filaments in this region and center them in a sarcomere[1,27]. These titin molecules is responsible for generation of a passive force upon application of any load [7]. The striated appearance of the skeletal muscle is because of the presence of these bands. Some additional structures that are present are the H zone and the M line. The H zone lies in the centre of the A band and this region consists of only thick filaments. This zone is bisected by a relatively narrow band called the M line which is a result of the cross linking of proteins with the central region of the thick filaments. Recent studies which used electron micrographs to determine the ultrastructure of the M line it was found that the M line had a width of 750 A and the thickness of the M line was large as a result the opacity o f this line was high[8]. The Neuromuscular junction The neuromuscular junction is the site of action of motor neuron (somatic efferent neurons) with respect to the muscle fibres. The axon terminal of the motor neuron bifurcates into several smaller branches, each of which forms a junction with the muscle fibre. Thus by this manner a single neuron is able to excite several muscle fibres at the site. The motor neuron and the muscle fibres at the site of the action are together known as the motor unit. The neural impulses from the axon branches are received by the muscle fibre at a site known as the motor end plate. The junction comprising of the axon terminal and the motor end plate together form the neuromuscular junction. The axon terminal contains a neurotransmitters (acetylcholine ( ACh)) in vesicles similar to those found at synaptic junctions. The nerve plasma membrane is triggered by an action thereby opening the voltage sensitive calcium channels and allowing the calcium ions to diffuse into the axon terminal. The calcium ions bind to proteins and cause the release of ACh from the axon terminals into the muscle fibers. The diffusing ACh binds to the receptors located in the motor end plate and causes the opening of the ionic channels. The opening of the ionic channels causes the movement of sodium and potassium ions, due to the differential electrochemical gradient there is a higher influx of sodium than the efflux of potassium causing a local depolarization of the motor end plate which is called as end plate potential. The motor end plate has an enzyme known as acetylcholinestrase which causes the breakdown of ACh. The ACh bound in the receptors is in equilibrium with the free Ach present in cleft between the axon terminal and the skeletal muscle fibre. Acetylcholinestrase causes the fall in concentration of free ACh by breakdown, thus less amount of ACh is there to bind with receptors. The moment the receptors do not contain bound ACh the ion channels in the end plate close. Thus causing the depolarised end plate to return to its resting potential so that it can respond the arrival of Ach which would be released by the next nerve action potential. The axon terminals are located at the centre of the muscle fibre and thus with the generation of muscle action potential the wave of excitation travels bidirectionally towards the end of the fibre. Sliding Filament Mechanism Actin is globular in structure and hence when these single polypeptide chain polymerizes with other actin molecules forms a helical structure with a myosin binding site. Hence along with tropomyosin and troponin regulatory proteins these molecules together form a thin filament (see fig.4). Myosin molecules on the other hand comprises of two golf club like structures that are facing in the opposite direction hence these club heads are called myosin cross bridges (see Fig.5). During shortening of the length these myosin cross bridges hook on to the myosin binding sites in the actin molecules and pull the thin filaments towards the M line of each sarcomere. These filaments upon overlapping form arcs around the fixed poistion of the sarcomer. The length of I bands and the H zones keeps decreasing and finally reaches the minimum during the sliding of the filaments .During contraction the length of the sarcomere depends on the movement of these molecules hence the length of the sarcomere decreases with the increase in contraction. This process of filament sliding is repeated many times to complete contraction of the muscle. The following figure (see Fig.6) shows the overlapping of the thick and thin filaments in a sarcomere. According to the sliding filament theory the muscle contraction process is due to the release of calcium ions. These ions are released by the lateral sacs in the sarcoplasmic reticulum when an action potential triggers the transverse T- tubules. Troponin and tropomyosin molecules prevent the overlapping of the actin and the myosin molecules before the release of the calcium ion. Upon release the calcium ions bind on to troponin complex to causing a shift and exposing the active site so that myosin cross bridges can be formed. Now the myosin is activated by the release of the calcium ions and breaks down in to ATP (adenosine triphosphate) ,ADP (adenosine diphosphate), inorganic element (Pi) releases energy. This energy is used by myosin heads to pull the actin myofilaments along so that these filaments slide over each other thus cross bridges break at on site and attach at the other causing the muscle to contract. The contraction cycle ends when there is no action potential propagatin g through the T-tubules. As a result of which the calcium release channels are closed and the remaining calcium ions are pumped out of the sarcoplasemic reticulum. The troponin-tropomyosin complex returns to it original position and blocks the myosin binding site on actin. Thus the cross bridge movement ceases and the muscle relaxes. The above process is explained in figure 7 which gives the sequence of operations that are involved in muscle contraction. Skeletal Muscle Disease- Muscular Dystrophy Skeletal muscle diseases are of many types which affect the normal movement and posture of the human body. This may be because of the loss of contractile properties of the muscle (myopathy) or the nervous system that is involved in contraction of the muscle (neuropathy). This disease taken into consideration here is muscular dystrophy. Muscular dystrophy is the name given to a group of genetic muscle related disorder, characterized typically by muscle fibre degeneration. Generally about 1 in 3500 boys are affected and in the UK nearly around 100 boys are born of these disease[A,C] The most common among the group of disorders is the Duchenne muscular dystrophy and the myotonic muscular dystrophy . Usually it is more common in males since the disorder is carried on the recessive sex chromosome (X chromosome). The sex chromosomes in males is made up of X and Y chromosomes, hence a disorder in anyone of the two would cause the genetic disorder to appear. However in females the sex chromosomes comprise of a pair of X chromosomes, thus a genetic disorder would not appear unless both the X chromosomes carry a disorder. The most common symptoms seen in muscular dystrophy are Scoliosis (the bending of the spine in a S pattern), inability to walk hence the balancing of the body is not proper, calf pain and improper gait. The following figure (Fig.8) shows the symptoms of muscular dystrophy. These symptoms are diagnosed by measuring the high level of a certain enzyme called creatine kinase in the blood. Some other techniques include DNA testing and muscle biopsy. According to the recent findings it was found that certain biochemicals like dystrophin, merosin and adhalin were found deficient when diagnosed for muscular dystrophy[B]. Duchenne muscular dystrophy is the most serious and the most common type of dystrophies. In this dystrophy the Xp21 position part of the X chromosome arm carries the disorder and the gene that is encoded is dystrophin,. This protein is either absent or non functional in this disease. Normally patients suffering from this disease have a life expectancy of 25 years which can improve depending on the quality of treatment received so as to reduce the development of respiratory problems which may lead eventually to death. Most of the patients die at an early age because of the car diacmyopathy. According to certain statistical studies done on the survival rate of duschenne muscular dystrphy it was found that the survival rate has increased from 14.4 years in the 1960s to 25.3 years in the 1990s but the occurrence of cardiacmyopathy has decreased the years to 16.9. Its also found that a drastic increase in percentage of survival rate from 0% in 1960s to 53% in 1990s upon good quality treatment.

Fly in Buttermilk Essay -- essays papers

Fly in Buttermilk James Baldwin is a very perceptive man and usually gets his point across pretty well. In his excerpt â€Å"A Fly in Buttermilk†, Baldwin discusses his encounter with a southern family. This family includes a young black male who is enrolled in an all white high school. He asks of the boy’s troubles and discusses his responses. For the very first words of this excerpt Baldwin states â€Å"You can take the child out of the country, but you can’t take the country out of the child.† This bases on the whole excerpt. For my own interpretation I took this as a self-reflection upon one own environment. I know personally from my own experiences that the environments in which I was raised in from my parents and friends to my living in a city and a suburb reflect my opinion of what others speak of. What you are accustomed to become the normal and what you are not accustomed to become the odd. For example, in this excerpt Baldwin talks to an old man of the south. Baldwin tells of how he has seen picture of people being hung in the south, but this old man has actually experienc...

Effects of Samsung

Describe the development of the company over time (including its origin) and provide information on range of products and activities† From its inception as a small export business in Taegu, Korea, Samsung has grown to become one of the world's leading electronics companies, specializing in digital appliances and media, semiconductors, memory, and system integration. Today Samsung's innovative and top quality products and processes are world recognized. 1938-1957 Samsung’s beginning: In 1938 the Samsung's founder Byung-Chull Lee set up a trade export company in Korea, selling fish, vegetables, and fruit to China. Within a decade Samusng had flour mills and confectionary machines and became a co-operation in 1951. 1958-1979 Diversifying in Industries and Electronics: From 1958 onwards, Samsung began to expand into other industries such as financial, media, chemicals and ship building throughout the 1970's. Soon after, Samsung created its own electronic appliances. 1980-1989 Entering the global marketplace During the late 1970s and early 1980s, Samsung diversified and expanded globally. The company started building bigger manufacturing plants for its appliances and electronics from 1982 to1987 in New York, England and Portugal. 990-1999 Becoming a Global Force In the mid-1990s, 17 different products climbed into the ranks of the top-five products for global market share in their respective areas. Despite the 1997 financial crisis that affected nearly all Korean businesses, Samsung was one of few companies that continued growing. 2000-Present Pioneering the Digital Age Now, Samsung is perfectly positioned as one of the world's recognized leaders in the digital technology industry, and they has won the No. 1 global market share for 13 of their products, including semiconductors, and CDMA mobile phones. Samsung Electronics Samsung Electronics was created in 1969, products include televisions and many other kinds of home appliances, telecommunications equipment, and computers. Its most important product is semiconductors. Semiconductors Lee had determined in the mid-1970s that high-tech electronics was the growth industry of the future, he formed Samsung Semiconductor and Telecommunications Co. in 1978. Utilizing its newly acquired knowledge, Samsung became the first Korean manufacturer of low-cost, relatively low-tech, 64-kilobit dynamic random access memory (DRAM) chips. Telecommunications Samsung first time offering was a car Phone in 1986, but it have poor reception and low sales. In 1993, a turning point came in company when it released the SH-700 series. Mobile of this Series have sleeker design and better sound quality, with a better product, Samsung reclaim more than half the mobile phone market share in Korea. Samsung cell phones found its way into American hands for the first time in 1996. A few years later, South America and Japan were enjoying the high-end design of Samsung Mobile phones. In early 2009, Samsung Mobile's global market share stood at more than 17 percent, second only to Nokia.

This Is America A Music Video of Americas Current State Professor Ramos Blog

This Is America A Music Video of Americas Current State Victor Cisneros English 102 June 30, 2019 In order too fully grasp Donald Glover or other known as Childish Gambino’s latest song â€Å"This Is America†, you will have to watch the music video more than once. As Jacques Morel describes as â€Å"in searching for more symbolism, you might miss a major part the lyrics†. This song was released on May 6th, 2018, produced by Ludwig Gà ¶ransson and Childish Gambino. The director for this music video was none other than Hiro Murai, who is a Japanese filmmaker based in Los Angeles, who also won a third-party award for â€Å"Best Director† for filming Gambino’s â€Å"This Is America†. This music video is very special to our society because when you first watch it you realize how powerful it actually is. Then not until you’ve watched it and listen very closely to the lyrics do you realize this is a historic event. The music video is dropping political and cultural turmoil, Gambino appears to be a commentator within the video itself spea king towards black life in America and American culture as a whole. Gambino’s perspective on popular culture’s perception of black experience and â€Å"often brutal reality by juxtaposing happy, carefree choruses and dark, aggressive verses† (Morel). In the very first scene of â€Å"This Is America† Gambino is wearing old confederate overalls and stands in a Jim Crow Law posture after shooting a male black man in the head for simply playing the guitar. Symbolizing that in America if you’re black you can be perfectly fine one minute, the next you’re being gunned downed for no apparent reason. When Gambino posed in a Jim Crow Law posture this is a reference in minstrel shows in the late ’80s and 1900 (Genius). The reference is this when white male actors would perform in blackface and would act out black stereotypes. I believe here in this segment Gambino is trying to argue that in today’s world white Americans are still in a way wearing that blackface. When a white male gets gunned down by office rs they will typically put on that so-called â€Å"blackface† and try to play their role as when innocent black males are killed by officers of the law and nothing is done about it. This was very captivating for viewers because so much is going on throughout the video the only possible way to inhale everything that is being shown to you. The only way to fully grasp this concept is if you go frame by frame and see everything that is being portrayed thought out the video. Throughout the music video, there is so many cultural viral messages and dances going on throughout all the chaos, which was intended by Choreographer Sherrie Silver. Silver intentionally put these dances in the music video to distract the viewer of the violence and madness going on around Gambino. Which symbolizes violence in America that within that violence we try and brush it underneath the rug with a viral dance or something that is going viral at the time to distract us from what’s actually going on. Genius interviewed Silver and she had this to say about the choreographed scene of Gambino dancing just after being fired at by police officers. Silver says. â€Å"This is what it’s like, Gambino’s video seems to say, to be black in America- at any given time, by vulnerable to joy or to destruction†. Which is rightfully so, because this is truly what we see on television. A young boy minding his business walking home then the next. Gone. Because someone thought he was â€Å"suspicious looking†. On one specific dance Silver wanted to implement within the music video was the â€Å"Gwara Gwara† which originated in South Africa. This particular dance shows the racisms in America and South Africa apartheid. Silver tells Genius that these dances were targeted to specify â€Å"a method of survival toward black culture and that America has a tendency to applaud for black culture and cruelty while turning their backs to the issues they face†. Whether the dancing is to numb the pain, gain followers on social media, or simply survive Gambino’s movements are a literal and figurative distraction from the chaos behind him. The gun violence within this music video is very much an explicit take on gun violence in America. The elements of the video that shock you aren’t just the viral dances and stereotypic movements. But the gun shootings throughout the entire music video. The murders are indicators of modern-day American gun violence. The second verse â€Å"Get your money, Black man. This is America Dont catch you slippin now Dont catch you slippin now† (Genius). These lyrics are being performed by a church choir as soon as they stop singing, Gambino’s character shoots them all down. It is impossible to not be drawn to parallels with the Charleston Church shootings which were found to be racially motivated (Morel). Charleston church was a mass shooting who was initiated by Dylann Roof, 21-year-old wh ite supremacists. He murdered nine â€Å"African Americans during a prayer service at the Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church in downtown Charleston, South Carolina, June 17, 2015† (Morel). After each shooting scene was down Gambino handles each gun after each shooting exactly the same. Wrapping it in red cloth with care. Symbolizing how Red America values guns over human lives. â€Å"And I looked, and behold a pale horse: and the name that sat on him was Death, and Hell followed with him† (Revelation 6:8). This exact text from the Bible was implemented into the music video. Gambino is not only taking political aspects, gun violence, society events, but goes even further to throw biblical symbolism into the video. In one scene Gambino is dancing with a group of children and for a few seconds in the background appears a pale horse with a rider dressed in all black as a police car followed. Interpreted by the bible this particular event is symbolizing the upcoming of the apocalypse. A pale horse with a rider clothed in all black symbolizing Death. The police car following the rider is symbolizing Hell. This scene, in particular, is overall symbolizing Gambino’s audience is simple. He is targeting all Americans, to let us visually understand that these events in our era right now that are still going on and need to be dealt with but really aren’t being dealt with. This music video uses all three of Aristotle’s Rhetorical Triangle, hitting the viewer with Pathos when Gambino shows them the imagery of the shootings throughout the music video and impactful stories about shootings throughout the last decade. Following close by with the Logos of the music video which is having the cold hard evidence to back up the Pathos influences. Lastly, Gambino’s main intention seems to be Ethos. Meaning the reputation that America has on these sorts of events and problems throughout society. America tends to brush these life-changing events underneath the rug. Gambino understands this and is trying to show the world with this music video that these things are very still happening. America’s reputation and pride ar e too high to even address it nationally which is why we are always keeping these tragic events from ever blowing up nationally. We hear of them in the news and we tell ourselves â€Å"wow that’s so sad†, but what is actually being done besides the â€Å"Black Lives Matter† movement. Overall Gambino’s message is our own interpretation because in an interview with Genius when asked about the music videos meaning, he flat out refused to discuss the music video at all. We know the Logos and Ethos he is using throughout the music video which tells us this is his very own interpretation of America, but it’s getting worse. Work Cited Morel, Jacques. â€Å"Childish Gambino – This Is America.† Genius, 6 May 2018, genius.com/Childish-gambino-this-is-america-lyrics. â€Å"Childish Gambino Collaborator Ludwig Gà ¶ransson Says ‘This Is America’ Took Two Years To Finish.† Genius, genius.com/a/childish-gambino-collaborator-ludwig-goransson-says-this-is-america-took-two-years-to-finish. THE HOLY BIBLE: NEW STANDARD VERSION. Bible. Oxf. U. Childish Gambino posing in a Jim Craw Law POSTURE. And wearing old Confederate overalls. This scene symbolized the Charleston Church shooting. The White Pale Horse while Death Rides on his back symboling the upcoming of the Apocalypse and refrences to the Bible.

Families of the Forest Essays

Families of the Forest Essays Families of the Forest Essay Families of the Forest Essay ANTH 418 Final Paper This paper will be discussing the ethnography by Allen Johnson titled Families of the forest. The ethnography describes the Matsigenka people of Shimaa that live in the Peruvian Amazon. The paper will examine the Matsigenka culture, the needs and resources of the culture, and proposed projects to meet the needs of the culture. The Matsigenka of Shimaa live in isolation along river valleys and forested mountains in the Peruvian Amazon (Johnson,1999, p. 24). They live in small villages of about 7 to 25 people, that make up three to five nuclear family households (Johnson, 1999, p 3). The Matsigenka prefer to live in these hamlets and avoid interacting with people outside of their immediate family. The Matsigenka live a family level society and this helps them to avoid being exploited or to encounter enemies (Johnson, 1999, p. 6). Their isolated hamlets are very self-sufficient; â€Å"good land for horticulture is ample, however, and the low population density and widely scattered small settlements has meant only minimal competition between family groups for what wild foods do exist† (Johnson, 1999, p. 21). They live off of fishing, foraging and horticulture and the most important food to the Matsigenka is insect larvae. This provides them with protein and dietary fats, which they can get year round from moths, butterflies, beetles, bees and wasps (Johnson, 1999, p. 36). The cultural values of the Matsigenka are not to far from that of Western culture. Much of their religious beliefs are stemmed from folklore and spirits which promote proper behaviors within the group. They can be calm, quiet, gentle, but also mean, aggressive, and violent. They might be less sociable in large groups, but â€Å"they are more courteous and thoughtful in individual interactions. They are less attracted to the lure of commerce and new value systems. Their commitment to freedom of the family unit is truly remarkable† (Johnson, 1999, p. 50). The Matsigenka are a people that are at their happiest when left alone from outsiders and in their isolation. Much of their happiest in isolation stems from the fear of outsiders bringing in infectious diseases, which happened in the 1950s and 1960s when they first encountered Peruvians and Euro-Americans (Johnson, 1999, p. 75). They maintain societal standards for their hamlets that require independence and being able to live peacefully within a group. : They do not have or give proper names to one another and when they do name a person it is usually referring to a deformity or amusing incident (Johnson, 1999, p. 20). â€Å"Somehow individual men and women must be highly self-reliant, motivated to do the necessary thing according to their own judgment with little encouragement (or interference) from others, and yet at the same time be generous in the family and avoid the impulsive expressions especially of sex, aggression and greed that can shatter even the strongest interpersonal bonds in closely-cooperating family groups† (Johnson, 1999, p. 10). â€Å"Courtship is generally open and a topic of delighted conversation at large. For many couples, courtship is a more or less public expression of mutual interest as they test the possibility of marriage† (Johnson, 1999, p. 120). A married couple within the Matsigenka culture have established roles, they are partners with skills in separate areas of surviving. They seek to m arry well and make sure to not marry a lazy person. They think that this will lead to an unequal marriage and the lazy person will always be dissatisfied (Johnson, 1999, p. 121). Matsigenka husbands and wives spend much time together in evident harmony and enjoyment of each other’s company. We frequently find them sitting side by side at home, working quietly at some task, talking and laughing together. At times they become playful and giggle or wrestle erotically† (Johnson, 1999, p. 120). Anger does not play a large role in their marriages, but it does happen occasionally when there are beer feasts and the men become drunk. The men may even beat their wives who in return will runaway to the home of their brother or father. The Matsigenka understand that intercourse between a man and woman is what leads to pregnancy and that the woman always knows who the father of that infant is (Johnson, 1999, p. 78). They do practice abortions and infanticide if the child is not wanted or is believed to not be the husband’s baby. Abortions are used if the mother is a widow or already has enough young children, and it is considered the mother’s choice (Johnson, 1999, p. 82). In early childhood, â€Å"the matsigenka overtly do little to hasten a child’s development. Their style is best described as a gradual raising of expectations. They do not cajole a child to rise up and toddle toward them, but they welcome her when she does† (Johnson, 1999, p. 85). The child learns responsibility from interacting with the mother. The families feel they need to tame the willful child, so that the family can survive and multiply (Johnson, 199, p. 78). â€Å"Matsigenka siblings are close and affectionate. They spend most of their childhood in each other’s company, and interact seldom with other children. This is partly because there may be few other children around, but it is also a reflection of the nuclear-family centeredness of Matsigenka behavior† (Johnson, 1999, p. 14). Some hamlets send their children to school. The school is about an hour walk each way for most children. â€Å"The school acts as both a magnet and a repellent for Matsigenka households. Attraction to the school, for trade goods, medicines, and a general sense of security comes into conflict with many of their most basic preferences abo ut where and how to live best. It is these conflicts that account for the aversion many Matsigenkas have toward school communities† (Johnson, 1999, p. 197). When reading the ethnography by Allen Johnson there are a few specific needs that would benefit the Matsigenka people of Shimaa. When assessing the needs of the Matsigenka community it begins with gathering the information from the ethnography and then applying it to the community problems. The first need involves their drinking water and the access to it. The Matsigenka get their water from the river closest to their hamlets but because of their desire for isolation and the danger, they do not live close to the river banks. When they are in a the season of high water or Kimoariniku the trails become become muddy and make it hard to travel. During low season the â€Å"little streams that supply household needs during dry high water dry up, forcing people to lug river water in heavy, sloshing gourds up steep trails to their houses. And dry spells occur of long enough duration that crops in well-drained fields begin to wilt under the intense sun and Matsigenkas anxiously watch the skies for welcome signs of rain† (Johnson, 1999, p. 34). The second need of the Matsigenka people is a latrine. Johnson mentions in his book that a house did have a latrine but most of the people would use strips of land where brush or cane grow to defecate (Johnson, 1999, p. 207). â€Å"These are preferred areas for urination and children’s defecation. Adults are fastidious about defecation, however, and prefer whenever possible to refrain until they are at the edge of an old garden or out foraging in the forest† (Johnson, 1999, p. 207). By having effective latrines they can ensure proper sanitation, the prevention of infectious diseases, and help keep their drinking water safe and clean. The Matsigenka are disgusted by feces (itiga), not only of other people but of any animal. The feces of toddlers, not yet toilet trained, are quickly collected into a leaf and disposed of† (Johnson, 1999, p. 208). The Matsigenka do try to maintain good health but they do not have the proper tools and means to make sure they do not develop any infectious diseases. They try to locate their homes in areas where a family is not living upstream from their location, this ensures that the water will not be contaminated by urination or feces. They have standards of cleanliness to which they adhere, and they respond to injury and illness with all the tools at their command. But their technology for dealing with health threats, and particularly with infectious diseases, is of limited effectiveness† (Johnson, 1999, p. 431). Johnson notes that they do not go around with dirt all over them and smelling bad. They usually sit on the dirt floor with a mat, wash themselves daily, wash their garments daily, and wash their hands before preparing food (Johnson, 1999, p. 431). They also make sure that any waste or garbage is thrown away from their homes and in a designated area. â€Å"But efforts at hygiene are in a sense a losing battle in Shimaa. In addition to parasites, infections pass freely between members of a household or hamlet because of the continual affectionate touching and sharing between them† (Johnson, 1999, p. 434). The third need for the Matsigenka is the prevention of infanticide. â€Å"A small but significant proportion of women, again perhaps one in ten, contemplate killing their infants rather than raise them. Men may have attitudes in the matter, and may promote infanticide if they believe another man is the father, but it is primarily the woman’s decision and her action† (Johnson, 1999, p. 81). Johnson discusses that some women feel the need to kill their infant because they have been unable to stop it from crying after a few days. Not everyone in the hamlet feels that infanticide is right but most do feel that it is the mother’s choice. â€Å"The general belief is that troublesome children should be bathed in hot water, not given up on† (Johnson, 1999, p. 82). There is a need of prevention not only with the mother but also with those closest to the mother. Some of the mothers were told by others to kill their babies, either because they needed them to continue working or because a co-wife told them they cannot raise children (Johnson, 1999, p. 82). â€Å"In the difficult choices of abortion and infanticide, the mother has the ultimate say and performs the act, even when her husband or parent tries to influence her decision†(Johnson, 1999, p. 82). The final need involves the Matsigenka’s access to school and their participation in school. Education is important because it helps to increase income and knowledge which makes future generation better able to survive. Many Matsigenka people do not like the school communities because they involve being around people they do not know. â€Å"Although social relations are peaceful and courteous, in private there is a good deal of suspicion and accusation leveled against members of other hamlets† (Johnson, 1999, p. 49). Other Matsigenka school communities besides Shimaa are much more integrated, visit each other more often, and trade goods (Johnson, 1999, p. 49). This is why it would be beneficial for all members of the community to be more open and involved in the school systems. With more students attending the school there is more opportunity to have better teachers and a better education. Discussing the proposed needs of the Matsigenka cannot happen without having a proposed development project to accompany each need. The first need discussed was drinking water and the access to it. To gain better access to drinking water the Matsigenka people need manually drilled wells to help secure their water and make it more accessible. By working with the school ommunities they could work to gain donations and funding through organizations to help manually drill wells for the people. While doing this, information could be explained to the different hamlets on the importance of boiling the water to prevent infectious disease. The second need for the Matsigenka is latrines. This is an important project because it helps to prevent disease and keep peo ple healthy through proper sanitation. Many places that use latrines collect the waste and transport it out to be processed for future use as compost. With Matsigenka’s isolation and lack of roads and transport this makes this process very difficult. The project being proposed is to still use latrines but use biodegradable clay or stones to build it so that when the latrine fills up, it can still be used for farming in the future. Another possibility is to use good bacteria to help compost the human waste faster to help prevent the odor and flies from accumulating. When there is too much smell and flies people will prefer to defecate other places than the latrines. An additional way to cut down on the flies and smell is to install a type of sky light or vent that is at the top of the latrine. By building the latrine it will help sanitation and prevent water from being contaminated. While building the latrines it will be important to inform people in the community of the importance of not to defecating in the surrounding areas that they are living. To help keep infectious disease and bacteria from spreading it will be important to inform the community on the important of washing their hands after use of the latrine. The Matsigenka are already practicing good habits by avoid the areas of used for urination and defecation, so this would help in their transition to using latrines. The third proposed development project involves the prevention of infanticide. The Matsigenka people also practice abortions which are done before a child is born. This will not be a debate regarding whether or not abortion is right or wrong but rather a discussion on preventative measures to protect babies that are already born. Infanticide is usually used as a way to control the population or because of stressful parental situations. The community in Shimaa leaves the decision to the mother on whether or not to kill her infant. This is why it is important to inform the mother on etter ways to soothe a crying infant and ways to handle stresses regarding the infant. A project could be to implement awareness in the schools on how to handle infants and what are the options outside of infanticide for them and their infant. This is not a problem that could be change overnight. It may take many years of education and awareness to see the number of deaths decrease. The last proposed develo pment project is the need for more school communities and access to education. Education is incredibly powerful and when that knowledge is obtained it is something that cannot be taken away. Education for the Matsigenka people can mean opening up their communities to more opportunities to trade and increase their incomes. With more income they can afford to have stronger and more functional housing. More income can also mean better access to medicines and clinics so illnesses can be treated early. â€Å"Attraction to the school, for trade goods, medicines, and a general sense of security, comes into conflict with many of their most basic preferences about where and how to live best. It is these conflicts that account for the aversion many Matsigenkas have toward school communities† (Johnson, 1999, p. 197). The Matsigenka people fear outsiders because of their fear of illness and their history with outsiders bringing influenza to their communities. â€Å"Always a topic of conversation, news of a viral infection in the neighborhood travels quickly. Families scatter to their alternative residences. They will stay away until they believe the danger has passed and the locale is again safe† (Johnson, 1999, p. 198). This will be a hard part of the project to handle but with proper sanitation, clean water, and awareness of proper hygiene their fear of outsiders bringing infection can be lessened. The Matsigenka are unique in their want of isolation. Most communities are looking to make sellable goods or use of their land, so that they can reach more people to have the possibility of more income. With more people coming to the Amazon in search of natural gas and to exploit their resources the Matsigenka people are going to have to become more aware and take more preventative action with the outside world. This means they need more information to protect against infectious diseases and to keep their community in the changing world. References Johnson, A. , (1999). Families of the Forest. Retrieved from sscnet. ucla. edu/anthro/faculty/johnson/ethnography. html

Transport report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Transport report - Essay Example Two core participants in the multimodal supply are identified as the management (logistic department) and the multimodal transporter chain have been discussed in details. Each of these key players is seen to have very distinct and elaborate functions to play in making multimodal supply chain a success. Lastly he benefits of using multimodal supply chains are discussed. For the purpose of description Oakley Oil Company based in U.K. has been used. A supply chain is made up of all parties concerned, directly or indirectly, in fulfilling a buyer request to either supply goods or provide a certain service. The parties involved include retailers, customers and transporters. Within each supply chain, transport plays a key role of receiving and delivering a customer’s request. A warehouse’s transport means may either be by air, road, water or rail or a combination of any 2 or 3 thus a multi-modal transport chain supply. In other supply chain’s transport systems, customers order are supplied using a single means thus a uni-modal transport supply chain (â€Å"About Dept to Equity Ratio†, 2012). A customer who places an off shore order will be most likely supplied with a multi-modal transport supply chain. A multi-modal supply system is largely used by multi-national companies; however, other established companies though not multi-national may use it. To the contrary, uni-modal transport supply chains large ly serve local purchase orders because there may not be transit over vast distances. In addition, uni-modal transport supply chains chiefly serve domestic markets while, multi-modal transport supply chain, serves foreign market of exports and imports. Uni-modal transport supply chains, though, they have a number of limitations, they should be appreciated for a number of reasons. First, they help meet limited supplies of goods which cannot be economical to the multi-transport supply chains, for example Oakley Oil Company supplies motels far distances from it

Hitlers Influence on World War II Research Paper

Hitlers Influence on World War II - Research Paper Example From this paper it is clear that World War II began in 1939 and lasted until 1945. It involved two opposing sides, the axis formed by the Germans and its supporters and the allied forces. The war broke out soon after Germany invaded Poland a neutral state that was under the protection of the British. It is accounted that Hitler motivated his soldiers on a personal level and that he watched from his special train, the progress of his army invading Poland (Roberts 26). The invasion prompted the UK and its allies to wage war on the Germans leading to the start of World War II. However, Hitler’s behavior on several occasions fueled the underlying tensions that later caused the eruption of the war. This paper outlines that Hitler was able to win Italy over to his side by supporting Italy’s invasion of Ethiopia. Germany was the major European country to offer their Support to Italy thus inducing her to drop her previous objections of Germany taking over Austria. In Italy, Germany found an ally together with whom they hoped to capture and subdue large tracts of eastern European land. Mussolini was Italy’s leader at the time and they collaborated to support the Fascist and authoritarian National forces against the Spanish Republic that was supported by the Soviets in the Spanish war of 1936. According to Giblin, Hitler found the Versailles treaty to be degrading and particularly the demilitarization of Rhineland. He also vehemently opposed its stipulation that Germany accept the responsibility of Causing World War I. He therefore disregarded the treaty and ordered for the remilitarization of Rhineland in order to support the Spanish War. It is said that both Germany and USSR supported the opposing sides of the war just so they could carry out tests on their warfare equipment and strategies. An alliance was formed between Germany and Italy that year named the Rome-Berlin Axis.  

Film History Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Film History - Term Paper Example The movie is composed of mostly two hours of the North Vietnamese soldiers charging towards the American troops, mortar rounds that were meant to disseminate the American lines, as well as the American jets mowing down the fields of the Vietnamese soldiers. One of the things that have been effectively portrayed in the movie is to stage all the actions that took place in away that understandable and comprehensible. The larger part of the film adheres to the actual events that took place during the historical battle. In the movie, it can be seen that the battles were taking place in several open fields. Even though the battles historically took place within the rough terrain of the Vietnam, the scenes of the battle were in denser bushes. The terrain in Vietnam is naturally dense. A larger part of the Vietnam is covered with dense hence making the visibility limited and consequently leaving limited bald spots within the Vietnam terrain. The film shows several scenes that were shot in the open fields that had little vegetation and whenever there is appearance of vegetation, it is the wrong type when compared with that in Vietnam. Indeed, the film shows vegetations that resembles those in Tahoe or to some extent some of the deciduous forest and not Vietnam. Nonetheless, a critical look at the movie indicates that the only thing that could have been more accurate regarding its setting was the hilly terrain (Schwarzbaum Web). Overall it should be noted that the movie did not perform well in the portrayal of the terrain with accuracy it deserved. The fighting that is portrayed in the movie is mainly composed of the bombs and firearms. This portraying is pretty much the reality of what took place at the ground that has slightly differed from how it actually took place. This can be partly attributed to the mistake witnessed in the scenery but understandably this could have been difficult to shoot in case

Gold & Educational psychology Essay Example for Free

Gold Educational psychology Essay The youth culture is influenced by many things each and every day. The society, parents, care givers; all of these help influence youth. But the most important factor to help give the a visual of what teenagers are today are in fact films. You are left wondering how films help influence the teenage race? The cinema of adolescence brings an image of youth, Juno (2007), The Breakfast Club (1985) all encounter specific stereotypes which encourage teenagers. The youth culture is influenced by many things each and every day. The society, parents, care givers; all of these help influence youth. But the most important factor to help give the a visual of what teenagers are today are in fact films. You are left wondering how films help influence the teenage race? The cinema of adolescence brings an image of youth, Juno (2007), The Breakfast Club (1985) all encounter specific stereotypes which encourage teenagers. The youth culture is influenced by many things each and every day. The society, parents, care givers; all of these help influence youth. But the most important factor to help give the a visual of what teenagers are today are in fact films. You are left wondering how films help influence the teenage race? The cinema of adolescence brings an image of youth, Juno (2007), The Breakfast Club (1985) all encounter specific stereotypes which encourage teenagers. The youth culture is influenced by many things each and every day. The society, parents, care givers; all of these help influence youth. But the most important factor to help give the a visual of what teenagers are today are in fact films. You are left wondering how films help influence the teenage race? The cinema of adolescence brings an image of youth, Juno (2007), The Breakfast Club (1985) all encounter specific stereotypes which encourage teenagers. The youth culture is influenced by many things each and every day. The society, parents, care givers; all of these help influence youth. But the most important factor to help give the a visual of what teenagers are today are in fact films. You are left wondering how films help influence the teenage race? The cinema of adolescence brings an image of youth, Juno (2007), The Breakfast Club (1985) all encounter specific stereotypes which encourage teenagers. The youth culture is influenced by many things each and every day. The society, parents, care givers; all of these help influence youth. But the most important factor to help give the a visual of what teenagers are today are in fact films. You are left wondering how films help influence  the teenage race? The cinema of adolescence brings an image of youth, Juno (2007), The Breakfast Club (1985) all encounter specific stereotypes which encourage teenagers. The youth culture is influenced by many things each and every day. The society, parents, care givers; all of these help influence youth. But the most important factor to help give the a visual of what teenagers are today are in fact films. You are left wondering how films help influence the teenage race? The cinema of adolescence brings an image of youth, Juno (2007), The Breakfast Club (1985) all encounter specific stereotypes which encourage teenagers. The youth culture is influenced by many things each and every day. The society, parents, care givers; all of these help influence youth. But the most important factor to help give the a visual of what teenagers are today are in fact films. You are left wondering how films help influence the teenage race? The cinema of adolescence brings an image of youth, Juno (2007), The Breakfast Club (1985) all encounter specific stereotypes which encourage teenagers. The youth culture is influenced by many things each and every day. The society, parents, care givers; all of these help influence youth. But the most important factor to help give the a visual of what teenagers are today are in fact films. You are left wondering how films help influence the teenage race? The cinema of adolescence brings an image of youth, Juno (2007), The Breakfast Club (1985) all encounter specific stereotypes which encourage teenagers. The youth culture is influenced by many things each and every day. The society, parents, care givers; all of these help influence youth. But the most important factor to help give the a visual of what teenagers are today are in fact films. You are left wondering how films help influence the teenage race? The cinema of adolescence brings an image of youth, Juno (2007), The Breakfast Club (1985) all encounter specific stereotypes which encourage teenagers. The youth culture is influenced by many things each and every day. The society, parents, care givers; all of these help influence youth. But the most important factor to help give the a visual of what teenagers are today are in fact films. You are left wondering how films help influence the teenage race? The cinema of adolescence brings an image of youth, Juno (2007), The Breakfast Club (1985) all encounter specific stereotypes which encourage teenagers. The youth culture is influenced by many things each and every day. The society, parents, care givers; all of these help influence  youth. But the most important factor to help give the a visual of what teenagers are today are in fact films. You are left wondering how films help influence the teenage race? The cinema of adolescence brings an image of youth, Juno (2007), The Breakfast Club (1985) all encounter specific stereotypes which encourage teenagers. The youth culture is influenced by many things each and every day. The society, parents, care givers; all of these help influence youth. But the most important factor to help give the a visual of what teenagers are today are in fact films. You are left wondering how films help influence the teenage race? The cinema of adolescence brings an image of youth, Juno (2007), The Breakfast Club (1985) all encounter specific stereotypes which encourage teenagers. The youth culture is influenced by many things each and every day. The society, parents, care givers; all of these help influence youth. But the most important factor to help give the a visual of what teenagers are today are in fact films. You are left wondering how films help influence the teenage race? The cinema of adolescence brings an image of youth, Juno (2007), The Breakfast Club (1985) all encounter specific stereotypes which encourage teenagers. The youth culture is influenced by many things each and every day. The society, parents, care givers; all of these help influence youth. But the most important factor to help give the a visual of what teenagers are today are in fact films. You are left wondering how films help influence the teenage race? The cinema of adolescence brings an image of youth, Juno (2007), The Breakfast Club (1985) all encounter specific stereotypes which encourage teenagers. The youth culture is influenced by many things each and every day. The society, parents, care givers; all of these help influence youth. But the most important factor to help give the a visual of what teenagers are today are in fact films. You are left wondering how films help influence the teenage race? The cinema of adolescence brings an image of youth, Juno (2007), The Breakfast Club (1985) all encounter specific stereotypes which encourage teenagers. The youth culture is influenced by many things each and every day. The society, parents, care givers; all of these help influence youth. But the most important factor to help give the a visual of what teenagers are today are in fact films. You are left wondering how films help influence the teenage race? The cinema of adolescence brings an image of youth, Juno (2007), The Breakfast Club (1985) all encounter specific  stereotypes which encourage teenagers. The youth culture is influenced by many things each and every day. The society, parents, care givers; all of these help influence youth. But the most important factor to help give the a visual of what teenagers are today are in fact films. You are left wondering how films help influence the teenage race? The cinema of adolescence brings an image of youth, Juno (2007), The Breakfast Club (1985) all encounter specific stereotypes which encourage teenagers. The youth culture is influenced by many things each and every day. The society, parents, care givers; all of these help influence youth. But the most important factor to help give the a visual of what teenagers are today are in fact films. You are left wondering how films help influence the teenage race? The cinema of adolescence brings an image of youth, Juno (2007), The Breakfast Club (1985) all encounter specific stereotypes which encourage teenagers. The youth culture is influenced by many things each and every day. The society, parents, care givers; all of these help influence youth. But the most important factor to help give the a visual of what teenagers are today are in fact films. You are left wondering how films help influence the teenage race? The cinema of adolescence brings an image of youth, Juno (2007), The Breakfast Club (1985) all encounter specific stereotypes which encourage teenagers.

Director Network Influence on Stock Price Cash Risks

Director Network Influence on Stock Price Cash Risks Introduction A sprouting issue in corporate governance and the business world is the concept of executive network. Recent accounting and finance literature use social network theory to explain various corporate behaviors and practices steaming from information, resources exchange and relationship building. The correlation between executive network and earnings management (Omer et al, 2016; Chui, et al 2012), director network and tax management (Brown Drake, 2013), and director network and corporate investment decisions (Singh Schonlau, 2009), among other corporate practices have been capaciously researched but stock price crash risk has been overlooked in the area of social networks. Firms have congruent behavior patterns as a result of the information exchange among them. The observed herding behavior of firms can be explained by social network theory which predicts firms to imitate others especially those perceived to possess superior information (Lieberman Asaba, 2006). Corporate executives have incentives to manipulate the financial performance by withholding bad news (with the believe that such bad news can be over turned in the future) and accelerating the disclosure of good news (as this signifies competency). As directors imitate each other, such behavior can easily diffuse among them. The effect of director networks on firms performance disclosures is multifaced. Prior director network literature document that through information exchange, directors learn from their peers on how to better perform their monitoring and advising roles to maximize shareholder value (Chuluun et al., 2014; Larcker et al., 2013). Directors can enhance their monitoring expertis e by linking up with other directors who are more experienced and connected to other experienced directors. Through the positive learning hypothesis, directors become better monitors of managers of their firms. My conjecture here is that directors can improve their individual expertise and efficiency by obtaining more quality information from other directors. As a two-edged sword, director networks can also be a vehicle for the diffusion of bad corporate practices. Social interactions can act as dais through which information about undesirable corporate practices are exchanged. According to Davis (1991), the diffusion of poison pills adopted among US firms in the late 1980s were engineered through the network directors built. Also, options expending and backdating were documented to relate to networked firms (Reppenhagen 2010, Bizjak et al., 2009). The propensity to replicate bad act when those engaged in the act go scot-free after a long time (Marvin Shigeru, 2006). By the negative learning hypothesis, directors carry information about such bad corporate practices to their firms. This can mitigate against the monitory role of directors hence adversely affect their performance. I assume that directors take the final responsibility for various corporate practices including financial report transparency and disclosures. This proposed study seeks to employ social network and business imitation theory to examine stock price crash, which usually result from hoarding bad news from the stock market. Prior literature argue that managers hoard bad news either to achieve personal goals such as higher compensation, job security and empire building or presumptuously to maximize long-term shareholders value (Ball, 2009; Kothari et al., 2009; Graham et al, 2005). Whatever the goal, whether to achieve personal agenda or to promote shareholder value, bad news hoarded and accumulated for long result in stock price crash. (Hutton et al.,2009; Jin and Myers, 2006). Several papers, summarized below, have explored the connection between crash risk and various firm level characteristics. However, studies that directly investigate stock price risk through executive personal characteristics have concentrated mostly on managers personal attributes such as CEO over confidence but the social structure within which the phenomenon is practiced has largely been ignored. My proposed study seek to examine the empirical link between the relationships directors build and the distribution of stock returns. My study will contribute to the literature in several ways. First, to my knowledge, this will be the first study to examine the relation between director network and stock crash risk. By focusing on a unique perspective, this study will provide new evidence concerning the economic consequences of social imitations. In particular, the findings will identify significant benefits that social interactions bring to firms and their shareholders. Xing, Zhang, and Zhao (2010) and Yan (2011) suggest that extreme outcomes in the equity market are of extreme concerns to shareholders and will require interpretations. Thus, the empirical evidence will be useful for understanding the role that director network plays in influencing both corporate behavior and investor welfare. Second, this will extend the literature on corporate governance by showing the relation between social connectivity and stock price crash risk relative to the strength of corporate governance mechanisms in place in a firm. Th is will provide more explanation on the conventional governance mechanisms in monitoring the flow of corporate information to the equity market. Third, this study will add to the research on bad news hoarding theory of stock price crash risk. In particular, the implication of social interactions for future crash risk will provide valuable insights into the behavioral-sociological nature of managerial manipulation of information. Recent studies on crash risk suggest that managerial bad news hoarding activities can be explain via religion (Jeffrey L. Callen and Xiaohua Fang, 2015), corporate social responsibility (Yongtae Kim, 2014), CEOs over confidence (Jeong-Bon Kim, 2014), CFOs equity incentives (Jeong-Bon Kim, 2011) accounting conservatism (Kim et al, 2010), tax avoidance (Kim et al, 2010), and corporate financial opacity (Hutton et al, 2009). However, it is not clear what role executive social connections and/or social norms play in influencing the behavior to conceal bad news. My study will help to fill this gap in the literature by providing evidence on the relation between director network and crash risk and the consequential role that social connections play on managerial bad news hoarding activities. Last, but not the least, this study will provide investors with priceless information on how the social business environment affects firm behavior, which may help them to predict and eschew future stock price crash in their portfolio investment decisions. Research objective The objective of this study is to find out how stock price crash is influence by the social set up directors build. Specific research questions are; Can stock price crash risk be explained through director network? Does the level of stock price crash risk increase with the degree of executive connectedness? How much dissidence of stock price crash is attributable to director network? Research design The variables for this study-director connectedness and stock price crash risk will be independently estimated using Riskmetrics, CRSP and COMPUSTAT data. The Riskmetrics will be used in computing the measures of directors network. Data on the stock return for the calculating crash risk will be obtained from CRSP while compustat will provide the relevant company financials for my research. My sample size will cover the period of 1990-2014. The result of the first stage estimation will be put into a cross-sectional regression model for further estimation of the relationship between firm networks and stock price crash risk. I will use UCINET/PAJEK to estimate various dimensions of director networks (Omer et al., 2014). Crash risk will be estimated using (Chen et al .2001), Jin and Myers (2006) and Hutton et al (2009) models which provides three measures of crash risk including i) the negative coefficient of skewness of firms specific daily returns, ii) the down-to-up volatility of firm -specific daily returns, and iii) the difference between the number of days with negative extreme firm-specific daily returns and the number of days with positive extreme firm-specific daily returns. The primary model for the regression will be; CrashRiskj =ÃŽÂ ±+ÃŽÂ ²1 DirectorNetworkj + ÃŽÂ ²2Controlvariables + ÃŽÂ µi Where CrashRiskj and DirectorNetworkj refer to the various measurements of crash risks and director networks of firm J respectively. Literature review Former Chairman of the Board of General Motors John G. Smale wrote in 1995: The board is responsible for the successful perpetuation of the corporation. That responsibility cannot be relegated to management. A board of directors is expected to play a key role in corporate governance. The board has responsibility for: CEO selection and succession; providing feedback to management on the organizations strategy; compensating senior executives; monitoring financial health, performance and risk; and ensuring accountability of the organization to its investors and authorities. The board thus play important role in corporate governance hence the need to study the board in broader perspective including their social networks. This is because through network, knowledge, ideas and corporate practices whether good or bad are shared between companies. Director network thus serves vehicle for the spread of behavior between related firms. (Asch 1951; Milgram 1963, Hirshleifer and Teoh (2003, 2009) Director networks Social network theory suggests that individuals behavior is the product of their social interactions and this connection extends to corporate behavior (Jackson, 2008; Newman, 2010). Individuals and their links form a network across which they share ideas and resources, which influences their decision. Under opacity, observe behaviors of others, can provide useful insights (Marvin Shigeru, 2006). Social networks serve as channel for the transmission of information about corporate practices climaxing into herding behavior (Bikhchandani, Hirshleifer, Welch, 1998; Hirshleifer Hong Teoh, 2003). The link can either be direct such as shared directorates, trade partnership or indirect such as friend of friend of friend. Newman (2010) provides evidence on the relevance on the indirect link in the information sharing process. A director with many connections become an information hub making him very powerful in the chain of network. This is described as centrality in the n etwork literature (Jackson, 2008). A direct link to an information hub increases access to more complete information. Also, connection to a direct link to the information hub can acquire some information, though the closer the better. This had led to four measurements of director network namely degree, eigenvector, betweenness and closeness centralities. Degree centrality is the absolute measure of individual social connections and boast of more information. The indirect connection where ideas exchange is from several other links is known as eigenvector centrality. Betweenness centrality relates to information control within the web. In a network, an individual positioned between two others serving as the medium of information exchange between them is viewed as one controlling information flow. The last dimension of network which relates to the proximity to information access to enhance optimization is the closeness centrality. Closeness centrality measures how quick information fr om other members of a network gets to an individual. The closer an individual is to a source of information, the more efficient and easier it is to access information (Jackson, 2008; Newman, 2010). The kind of information received will be parallel to the actions of the individual. I therefore, hypothesize that, firms within the same network will have homogeneous behavior. Director networks and stock price crash risk Financial reports provide information about a firms economic performance. Accounting numbers are crucial for economic decisions of a firms stakeholders but their relevance can only be harness when provided at the right time. Corporate executives naturally exhibit some resistance in disclosing bad performances of their firms and this behavior catalyst to stock price crashes (Hutton et al., 2009; Jin and Myers, 2006). Managers have been reported to have hoard information to opportunistically influence contractual outcomes (Cheng, Man, Yi, 2013, Healy Wahlen, 1999; Verrecchia, 1983). Extant literature documents the motives for information hoarding such as personal gain and career concern. (Kothari et al. 2009). In addition, Ball (2001, 2009) argues that nonfinancial motives, such as empire building and maintaining the esteem of ones peers, also provide powerful incentives for managers to conceal bad performance. Empirically, Kothari et al. (2009) find evidence consistent with the tendency of managers to hoard bad news. The managerial tendency to withhold bad news leads to bad news being stockpiled within the firm. However, there is a certain point at which it becomes too costly or impossible for managers to withhold the bad news (Kothari et al., 2009). When such a tipping point arrives, all the hitherto hidden bad news will come out at once, resulting in a large negative price adjustment, that is, a crash (Hutton et al., 2009; Jin and Myers, 2006). Moreover, Bleck and Liu (2007) argue that the withholding of bad news prevents investors from discerning bad projects from good ones and, therefore, from liquidating bad projects promptly. Thus, bad projects are kept alive and the resulting negative cash flows eventually materialize, triggering asset price crashes. Employing country- and firm-level designs, respectively, Jin and Myers (2006) and Hutton et al. (2009) provide empirical evidence consistent with the above mecha nisms of stock price crashes. Several papers support the linkage of director network to various corporate behaviors such as expending stock option, (Reppenhagen 2010), private equity incentives (Stuart and Yim 2010) stock option backdating (Bizjak et al. 2009) and poison-pill adoption (Davis 1991). Others include director network and mutual fund performance (Cohen, Frazzini, and Malloy, 2008; Kuhnen, 2008), venture capital investments (Hochberg, Ljungqvist, and Lu, 2007), executive compensation (Barnea and Guedj, 2009), and firm governance (Fracassi and Tate, 2008; Hwang and Kim, 2008). They provide empirical evidence on the transfer of behavior between related firms. Building on the literature on social network and the literature on crash risk, I propose that director network can affect firm-level stock price crash risk. Since director network can pass good or bad business practices, it can mitigate or contribute to crash risk, however, the quantum ultimately is an empirical question. The empirical analysis will shed light on this important issue. References Ashbaugh, Hollis, Joachim Gassen, and Ryan Lafond, 2005, Does Stock Price Synchronicity Reflect Information or Noise? The International Evidence, mimeo Barnea, A., Guedj, I., 2009. Director networks. Unpublished working paper. University of Texas, Austin. Brown, J. L., Drake, K. D. (2013). Network ties among low-tax firms. The Accounting Review Chen, J., Hong, H., Stein, J., 2001. Forecasting crashes: Trading volume, past returns, and conditional skewness in stock prices. Journal of Financial Economics Chiu, P.-C., Teoh, S. H., Tian, F. (2012). Board interlocks and earnings management contagion. The Accounting Review Hutton, A.P., Marcus, A.J., Tehranian, H., 2009. Opaque financial reports, R2, and crash risk. Journal of Financial Economics Kim, J.B., Li, Y., Zhang, L., 2011b. CFO vs. CEO: equity incentives and crashes. Journal of Financial Economics Kim, J.B., Zhang, L., 2013. Accounting conservatism and stock price crash risk: firmlevel evidence. Contemporary Accounting Research, forthcoming Kim, J.B., Li, Y., Zhang, L., 2011a. Corporate tax avoidance and stock price crash risk: firm-level analysis. Journal of Financial Economics Kim J-B, Li Y, Zhang L. 2011b. Corporate tax avoidance and stock price crash risk: Firm-level analysis. Journal of Financial Economics Kothari SP, Shu S, Wysocki PD. 2009. Do Managers Withhold Bad News? Journal of Accounting Research Lieberman, M. B., Asaba, S. (2006). Why Do Firms Imitate Each Other? The Academy of Management Review Malmendier U, Tate G. 2005. CEO Overconfidence and Corporate Investment. The Journal of Finance Newman, M. (2010). Networks: an introduction: Oxford University Press Omer, T. C., Shelley, M. K., Tice, F. M. (2014). Do director networks matter for financial reporting quality? Evidence from restatements. Singh, P. V., Schonlau, R. J. (2009). Board Networks and Merger Performance.